Book
Level 5

501

unit 1

With over one billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in the world, it is one of the most important languages to learn. Most speakers are located within China, however, but it is still important to learn even if you are not planning to travel to China. Businesses often need team members that know Chinese, since China is heavily involved in business and commerce throughout the world. Learning this language could make you a valuable resource at work. 

Have you ever tried learning Japanese? If you have, you may have encountered some difficulties. Japanese can be a very difficult language to learn for English speakers. Japanese grammar can be tricky because it only has two tenses, past and non-past (which is both present and future). Japanese also has three independent writing systems – hiragana, katakana, and kanji. Correctly speaking the language is the best way to break through the language barrier and build trust, so English speakers need to master not one, but two forms of speech – polite and plain, which is used for casual situations. 

Everyone knows that it is easier to learn a language as a child, so is it even worth trying as an adult? Researchers found that young adults who knew two languages performed better on attention tests and had better concentration compared to those who only spoke one language. They also respond faster or more accurately than their monolingual peers. This is because of the large amount of work the brain does to switch between languages and deciding how to communicate. It is like exercise for the brain and increases focus. Learning a second language can also protect against Alzheimer’s. These studies all show that bilingual people’s brains function better than people who only know one language. 

Professor: According to research, there are 576 languages that are critically endangered. Does anyone know what it means for a language to be endangered? 

Mark: Is it like when an animal is endangered, and they are all close to dying? 

Professor: Yes, Mark. That’s a good comparison. Specifically, a critically endangered language is one where only grandparents and older generations speak the language. It is not used frequently and younger generations may not even understand it. For example, many Native American languages are being pushed out, such as Cherokee and Pawnee. In South America, Spanish is the national language in most countries, so older languages, such as Quechua, Quichua, and Guaraní, are slowly dying out. In Africa, it is encouraged to abandon original tribal languages in order to speak Swahili, creating the same demise for those indigenous tongues as well. Older languages are pushed out by newer, broader ones and immigrant languages are no longer passed down to children. Does anyone have any personal experience with a dying language? Yes, Augustina? 

Augustina: My family is originally from the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. In fact, my grandparents still live there. They speak Mayan and my mom understands them and can speak it a little, but it was never taught to me. We learned Spanish in school, but I have heard that there are some elementary schools that are trying to teach Mayan to the children in order to save the language. 

Professor: That’s an excellent example. In fact, many governments and historians are trying to find solutions to save these dying languages. We’ve defined critically endangered languages and given some examples, which brings me to my main point today: why should we care about dying languages? What are your thoughts, Jasmine? 

Jasmine: Well, I’m not exactly sure, but I would think that it has a lot to do with culture, right? 

Professor: Very good. Languages are how we share culture, and as languages die, the cultures they represent also begin to die. Preserving languages allows us to preserve the local culture and knowledge, such as stories, poems, songs, and history. In fact, communities that work to preserve their indigenous languages see better educational outcomes and lower drug-use because bilingualism is good for the brain and preserving culture is good for self-worth and identity. Language and culture are so closely connected. That is why it should matter to us that these languages are dying because we would lose valuable history and the identity of the people who speak it. Now, let’s read more about this in the textbook… 

[Slide 1] The practice of playing with and inventing new languages goes back hundreds of years. An artificial or constructed language (sometimes called a ConLang) is a language whose sounds, words, and vocabulary have been created for human or human-like communication, instead of having developed naturally. Though they are created in many different contexts, constructed languages are designed with a specific purpose in mind. 

[Slide 2] In 1887, Polish medical doctor Ludovic Zamenhof introduced Esperanto, a simple, easy-to-learn constructed language. His goal was to erase communication barriers between groups by providing a language free of politics and culture. He wanted Esperanto to be a universal language. Zamenhof believed that having a universal language would help create a tolerant world, free from the horrors of war. Esperanto is probably the most successful of the artificial international languages. There are more than 100,000 Esperanto speakers. There are more than 30,000 books that have been published in Esperanto. Those who speak it today believe in Zamenhof’s dream to create a language that allows people from anywhere in the world to connect to one another. 

[Slide 3] As new stories are written, so are new languages. Constructed languages are often used to add depth and credibility to stories. Having characters in fictional stories speak a different language makes them more authentic. For example, Tolkien, the author of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit, created many Elvish languages, which were spoken by the elves in his stories. Tolkien used existing languages, such as Finnish, to create his languages. Inventing languages was always a crucial piece to Tolkien’s mythology and world building. Another example of a language constructed for a fictional story is Klingon. It was designed in 1985 by Marc Okrand for the popular science fiction show, Star Trek. It was made deliberately to sound like an alien language since it was to be spoken by an alien race. A small number of people are capable of having a conversation in Klingon, but the vocabulary is mostly focused on spacecraft and warfare. 

[Slide 4] Although not technically a conlang, Pig Latin shows more human creativity with language for an entirely different purpose. Pig Latin is a language game in which words in English are changed. The goal of this game is to conceal the words from others not familiar with the rules, usually older people. Other languages have similar language games, so it is not unique to English. These kinds of language games are most often used by young children as a fun way to confuse their parents or teachers. 

[Slide 5] People have and will continue changing and inventing new languages as needs arise. These conlangs have various purposes, but all show off the creativity and interests of the human race. Do you know any conlangs? 

  1. eat, sleep, he 
  2. it, fish, pick 
  3. late, made, face 
  4. let, egg, well 
  5. cat, had, cash 
  6. bird, heard, curve 
  7. about, up, hungry 
  8. hot, odd, cost 
  9. too, you, chew 
  10. good, could, put 
  11. road, so, old 
  12. law, saw, fall 
  13. tie, like, by 
  14. out, loud, now 
  15. toy, voice, destroy 

  1. park, park 
  2. push, bush 
  3. tear, dear 
  4. down, down 
  5. card, guard 
  6. cold, gold 
  7. van, van 
  8. fine, fine 
  9. choke, joke 
  10. chain, chain 
  11. sheep, cheap 
  12. chew, chew 

unit 2

  1. (Male voice) I have always been good with numbers. My favorite types of classes are math and statistics. I would love to work in a job where I can help people, maybe with their finances.  

      Please read: Pause the recording and predict what job he will have. 

  1. (Female voice) I love to travel! I would love a job that would allow me to see countries around the world. I’m also an extremely outgoing and social person. 

     Please read: Pause the recording and predict what job she will have. 

  1. (Female voice) I really enjoy learning about the human body. I also like to exercise and am really into health and fitness. I’m rather good in my science classes, too. 

     Please read: Pause the recording and predict what she will major in.  

A Conversation between a Student and Counselor.

Mr. Stillman: Jacob, come on in. What can I help you with today? 

Jacob: Thanks for seeing me, Mr. Stillman. I have some questions regarding my educational and career goals. As of right now, I am majoring in French. I really enjoy French, but I am not sure if it will open up the career choices I want. As such, I have been considering a double major in Political Science. That way I can make myself more marketable for jobs and graduate schools. However, I know that double majoring is a lot of work, so what would you recommend that I do? 

Please read: Pause the recording and make a prediction. 

Mr. Stillman: It sounds like you have given this a lot of thought and done some initial research. It looks like you have a high GPA, so if you keep up your current motivation, academic work shouldn’t be an issue for you. That said, we should continue to meet regularly to ensure you are taking all the right classes. When you are planning your semester courses, you will want to see if a class can fulfill the requirements for both majors to save your time and money. Let’s plan to meet before each enrollment period. How does that sound? 

Jacob: Yes, that sounds good. 

Mr. Stillman: Also, something I warn my double major students about is to set their priorities. When you are taking on two majors, you will be taking a lot of heavy coursework. Remember, for every hour you spend in class, you can expect to spend 2-3 hours studying. Therefore, a 3-credit class will require 6-9 hours of studying per week, sometimes more. If you are taking 15 credits per semester, you will be studying for at least 30 hours a week. That’s like a full-time job. I recommend that most students prioritize their studies. This should be your main goal. Also, it is good to be involved in clubs and other extracurricular activities, but don’t let those take away from your study time. The same thing goes with your social life. I’m not here to tell you how to live your life, but I have seen a lot of students get caught up in partying and dating and they stop getting the grades they need to pass their classes. So, keep all of that in mind as you make your decision. What is your goal after graduation? 

Jacob: Right now, I am thinking about applying to law school. I am really interested in international law. That’s why I am considering two majors since law school is competitive. 

Mr. Stillman: Very good. I will make a note of that in your file so we can discuss classes that will be beneficial for law school exams next time we meet. Is there anything else I can help you with today? 

Jacob: That’s all for now. Thanks for your time. 

Mr. Stillman: You are welcome to email me if you think of anything else before our next meeting. Have a great day. 

Information about the Most Dangerous Jobs 

[Slide 1] When you are considering what job is right for you, a lot of people consider salary, location, and personal suitability for the job. But have you ever considered how safe or dangerous a job is? Injuries happen at work and are common, but some professions are more dangerous than others. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (or OSHA), these are the five most dangerous jobs in the world: fishing and hunting workers, logging workers, roofers, construction workers, and aircraft pilots and flight engineers. 

Please read: Pause the recording and make predictions in Exercise 16. 

[Slide 2] The most dangerous job goes to fishing and hunting workers. They work with wildlife in a variety of ways. They place traps, reel in catches through commercial fishing, and work on heavy machinery to do their jobs. These hazardous conditions make this profession the most dangerous in the nation. Drowning is the main reason behind deaths, but injuries caused by heavy machinery also contribute to the deaths on the job. 

[Slide 3] Loggers work in forests and other outdoor environments. They also use a lot of heavy machinery to cut down trees. Injuries related to heavy machinery are the most common reason for fatalities in this field. 

[Slide 4] Roofers are also one of the most dangerous professions. Falls from either the roof they are working on or ladders they use throughout their job are the main reasons fatal injuries occur. 

[Slide 5] Construction workers have a variety of duties, most if not all of which carry a heightened risk of injury. Construction workers are exposed to an environment where things can fall on them, or they can fall from great heights while they are working. Missteps on ladders and injuries using heavy machinery are common reasons that lead to deaths. 

[Slide 6] Aircraft pilots and flight engineers used to be the second most dangerous job back in 2018 but has dropped to fifth place. Fatal accidents in this profession commonly occur because of transportation incidents. While commercial airplanes are incredibly safe, the dangerous aspects of this job lie with smaller, private aircraft and helicopters. 

Also, on the list of dangerous jobs, you’ll find trash collectors, iron and steel workers, delivery and truck drivers, miners, and farmers. Though these jobs are dangerous, they are absolutely essential. Oftentimes, to compensate for the danger, these types of jobs offer increased pay and benefits. 

  1. impossible 
  2. congratulations 
  3. beautiful 
  4. imagination 
  5. understanding 
  6. disorganization 

unit 3

Fad Diets 

When it comes to weight loss, most people would like a quick fix. The Internet is full of diet plans that promise rapid results and sound too good to be true. The problem is, they probably are. Fad diets are attractive because they promise something that everyone wants: an easy and quick way to lose a lot of weight. 

These fad diets have become very popular and usually have paid endorsers who look great and try to convince you that you can look like them if you follow their plan. Oftentimes these diets contradict each other. Some tell you not to eat carbohydrates. Others tell you they’re okay to eat. Lots of people want to lose weight, but it’s hard to know what to do with all of the information offered. How can you tell whether the advice that you are seeing, hearing, or reading is right for you? Can you tell if it is a fad diet that may just be a waste of your time and money? 

There are a few red flags you can look for when it comes to fad diets. First, avoid diets that promise rapid weight loss. If a plan promises losses of more than 2 pounds a week, proceed with caution. Also, beware of diets that require eliminating entire food groups. You need a variety of foods to get the nutrition your body needs. If you cut out an entire food group all of a sudden, you may not get the correct balance of nutrients. 

Another red flag of a fad diet is they have strict rules and require that you use their specialized products. Fad diets often restrict you to very few choices. Some fad diets require that you purchase expensive meal replacement products, such as their own specialty protein shakes or weight loss bars. This usually means they are more interested in making money than in your health. 

Finally, you want to be careful not to restrict your calories too much. Restricting your calories is an important part of weight loss, but some fad diets suggest severely restricting your calories and this extreme approach is unhealthy and unsustainable. Calories are the fuel your body needs to function. Speak with a health care provider or dietician to figure out what the right number of calories is for you and your weight loss journey.  

Ultimately, your best option for weight loss will come from eating a variety of healthy foods in reasonable portion sizes with regular exercise. The changes you make should be ones you can live with forever. Fad diets may work at first, but they are not sustainable over a long period of time – either because they are unhealthy or because they make you miserable. Weight loss doesn’t have to be awful and full of suffering. Don’t get taken in by fad diets and don’t get discouraged

Paraphrasing Practice

  1. Vegetables are good for you. They are rich in vitamins, fiber, and nutrients. In many studies, eating vegetables is associated with improved health and a lower risk of disease. 
  2. Taking vitamins is often considered an important part of a healthy lifestyle. However, no number of vitamins and supplements will ever make up for a bad diet. It is much more important to eat real, nutritious foods than to count on supplements to provide the nutrients you need. 
  3. During food processing, many of the beneficial nutrients in the food are removed. Also, during this process, potentially harmful ingredients like sugar and trans fats can be added. Additionally, processed foods are full of artificial chemicals to preserve them. 

The Gut-Brain Connection 

Have you ever had a “gut feeling”? Do certain situations make you “feel nauseous”? Have you ever felt “butterflies” in your stomach? We use these expressions for a reason. Researchers are now finding that there is a real connection between the gut and the brain. 

The digestive system, specifically the gastrointestinal tract, is sensitive to emotions; therefore, anger, anxiety, sadness, and other feelings can trigger symptoms in the gut. This is because the brain has a direct effect on the stomach and intestines. For example, thinking about eating can release the stomach’s juices before food gets there. The gut-brain connection goes both ways. Feeling anxiety or stress can cause your stomach to feel troubled, but also, having stomach pain can cause you real anxiety, stress, or depression. 

Feeling stressed causes changes in the digestive system. These triggers can speed up or slow down movements of the GI tract, make the digestive system sensitive to bloating and pain, or make it easier for bacteria to cross the gut lining and activate the immune system, making you sick. The negative changes of the GI system can then get back to the brain, further increasing your negative emotions. 

For this reason, doctors and other researchers are looking at treatments that combine both the gut and the brain. They have found that meditation, breathing exercises, and yoga can help improve GI symptoms, improve mood, and decrease anxiety. They have also learned that certain foods can trigger the gut. People with more sensitive guts can investigate specific diets that will help balance their gut. For example, eating more plant-based foods and little to no red meat often leads to a healthier gut. These dietary changes may help reduce symptoms such as fatigue or depression as well.  Each person’s situation is different and unique, so speak to your doctor about how to improve your gut health. Lifestyle changes may help you live a more balanced and healthy life.  

  1. achieve 
  2. designer 
  3. volcano 
  4. customer 
  5. seventeen 
  6. education 
  7. development 
  8. useful 
  9. decide 
  10. confession 

unit 4

Everybody gets bored sometimes, but if you think about it, feelings of boredom are pretty strange. After all, there is an entire world full of things to do. It turns out boredom isn’t about keeping busy. Boredom happens when there is a lack of brain stimulation. It happens more in people who have conditions that affect their ability to pay attention like ADHD. These brains need more stimulation to stay focused, so this turns into a feeling of boredom. Age might also play a role in boredom. Researchers have found that people older than 22 are less likely to be bored than teenagers, who require more brain stimulation to feel content. 

A Conversation about the Marshmallow Experiment

Daniel: Emily, how is the semester going? 

Emily: It’s going well, Daniel. It’s hard, but I am taking some interesting classes this semester. 

Daniel: Like what? 

Emily: I am taking a psychology class that really focuses on human behaviors. I find it all so fascinating how people act and behave towards each other. Human behavior is just so complex. 

Daniel: It certainly is. 

Emily: Actually, we just talked about a study that you might be interested in because you have young children. Have you ever heard of the marshmallow experiment? 

Daniel: No, I haven’t. 

Emily: Back in the 1960s, a professor named Walter Mischel and his team tested hundreds of children around the ages of 4 and 5. Each child was brought into a room and sat on a chair. A marshmallow was placed on the table in front of them. The researcher told the child that he was going to leave the room and if the child did not eat the marshmallow while he was away, then they would be rewarded with a second marshmallow. However, if the child decided to eat the first one before the researcher came back, then they would not get a second marshmallow. The researcher then left the child alone for 15 minutes. 

Daniel: That probably felt like an eternity for a 4-year-old! 

Emily: I’m sure! Some kids jumped up and ate the first marshmallow right away. Others wiggled around and tried to restrain themselves, but eventually gave in and ate it a few minutes later. However, a few children did manage to wait the entire time. 

Daniel: And what were they hoping to learn from this experiment? It sounds like kids being kids to me. 

Emily: Well, that’s the most interesting part. They conducted follow-up studies and tracked each child’s progress as they grew up. They found that the children who were willing to wait and received the second marshmallow ended up having higher test scores, lower levels of drug abuse, lower likelihood of obesity, better responses to stress, better social skills, and many other benefits. 

Daniel: Wow, I guess there’s a lot that can be learned from a marshmallow! 

Emily: Definitely! They followed the original children for 40 years and decided that the ability to wait or delay gratification was critical for success in life.  

Daniel: I wonder what my children would do in that situation. I might try it out on them when I get home. 

Emily: Do it and tell me all about it. I would love to see it done with children I actually know!

 

Are people changed by their situations?

One of the most famous, or perhaps infamous, psychology experiments is the Stanford Prison Experiment. In 1971, a team of psychologists carried out an unusual experiment that used a fake prison with college students pretending to be both prisoners and guards. The experiment was meant to last for two weeks but was shut down after six days because the students playing the guards had become too cruel and the students playing the prisoners had become emotionally troubled during the experiment. Though the experiment did not end as planned, there were several lessons learned from the interaction. 

First, this experiment showed that a person’s situation can affect their behavior. Before this experiment, it was commonly thought that a person’s behavior was directly related to their personality, temperament, and their genes – all things inside them. However, when these normal college students were put in a situation where they were told to act like guards and prisoners, it only took six days for things to get out of control. The guards punished the prisoners and treated them like animals, and the prisoners rebelled and tried to break free, even though they all knew that it was an experiment. The students acted how they thought they should act in their social roles, much like many people in real-world social situations behave how they think they are expected to act. 

Another lesson learned from the experiment is that power can corrupt. Because the guard students were placed in a position of authority, they began to act in ways they would not usually behave in their normal lives. The students all took tests before the experiment and those tests did not show any of the students as being mean or harsh, but when they had an opportunity and were told to act that way, they acted horribly towards the prisoner students. The power turned out to be too much for them. 

Though the Stanford Prison Experiment taught us some things about human behavior, it was very unethical since prisoners were kept in unsafe, unsanitary, and dehumanizing facilities. Several participants asked to leave and were not allowed. For this and other reasons, it will never be duplicated, but it was eye-opening. 

Exercise 16

  1. Well, Alex lives there… ➘
  2. I like football ➚, tennis ➚, basketball ➚, and volleyball ➘. 
  3. Do you sell gum ➚? 
  4. How many books did you buy ➘? 
  5. I don’t quite remem ➘ ber ➚. 
  6. Throw that away ➘. 
  7. I’m going for a walk in the park ➘. 
  8. Is Megan leaving on Saturday ➚ or Sunday ➘? 

  1. (nervous) I have something to tell you. 
  2. (angry) When are you getting home? 
  3. (sarcastic) You are so funny. 
  4. (serious) Please arrive 15 minutes early. 
  5. (happy) Come here. 

unit 5

Exercise 4

  1. (Read so it is clear the purpose is to inform.) Have you ever heard about the moth brain swap experiment? There are two kinds of moths – moths that transform from caterpillar to moth at night, and those that do it during the day. Scientists wanted to find out why. First, they put the moths in a box with no light. This had no effect on the moths. Next, they controlled the temperature in the box. This also had no effect. Finally, they cut out a brain from a day moth and night moth and switched them. Sure enough, it was the brain that was controlling the moth. The day moth with the night brain transformed at night, and the night moth with the day brain transformed in the day. 
  2. (Read so it is clear the purpose is to persuade.) You should use metal water bottles because it cuts down on the amount of plastic that gets put into landfills or ends up in the ocean. There is a floating raft of plastic waste in the Pacific Ocean that is twice the size of Texas or three times the size of France. It is 1.6 million square kilometers. By using metal water bottles, metal straws, and other reusable products we can stop contributing so much to this mass of waste. Plus, metal water bottles keep your water colder for longer, so there is no downside. 
  3. (Read so it is clear the purpose is to inform and entertain.) Did you know pregnancy tests are the reason frogs are dying? Back in the day, if you wanted to know if you were pregnant, you had to pee into a cup, and then that pee was injected into an African Claw Frog. If you were pregnant, the injected frog would start making eggs on its back. These types of frogs were bred and kept in labs for this specific purpose. Well, along came the disposable pee on a stick pregnancy test and they no longer needed the frogs. They were all released into the wild. What they didn’t know then, was that these frogs carried a fungus, called chytrid fungus, which didn’t affect these frogs, but killed most other frogs. Ironically, they didn’t want to kill the frogs in the labs, but as a result, more than 90 species of the frogs have gone extinct. So, yes, pregnancy tests kill. 
  4. (Read so it is clear the purpose is to entertain.) Did you know there is a species of antelope capable of jumping higher than the average house? This is due to its powerful hind legs and the fact that the average house cannot jump. 

Speaker’s Purpose(s)

Manager: We have had a lot of bees around lately, so I have invited a special guest lecturer to talk to you about bees and their behaviors today. He will also talk about what to do if you find bees while you are working outside. Zach, the time is yours. 

Zach: So, what’s the buzz about bees? Bees play an incredibly important role in the ecosystem. They are primary pollinators when it comes to agriculture. So, the food you eat may not be around or be a lot more expensive without bees. I know I like food, so that’s motivation enough to keep the bees around. I know a lot of people grow up being afraid of bees, but if you understand them better, there really is no need for that fear. 

There are two types of bees: solitary bees and social bees. The solitary bees do not swarm and are not aggressive. Some of them do not even have stingers. They don’t usually live in big groups. This is about 90% of all bee species. Some examples are carpenter bees who dig into wood, leaf cutter bees, who use leaves to build nests, and sweat bees, who are attracted to the salt in your sweat. They won’t sting unless you swat at them. Social bees are the ones that are more likely to swarm because they get more defensive over their homes and their queen. They make up about 9% of all bee species. The most common of these types are honeybees and bumblebees. I will mostly be talking about honeybees today. 

Honeybees were domesticated in Europe and North Africa almost 9000 years ago. The main reason they did this was because they used honey to make mead and beeswax to make their pottery. Honey also has natural antibacterial properties and never spoils. There are three main kinds of bees – workers, drones, and the all-important queen. The workers and the queens have stingers. However, when a worker bee stings you, the stinger gets stuck in our skin and ends up ripping the bee apart. The queen, however, has a different kind of stinger and can sting you as many times as she chooses. So don’t make the queen angry. 

Bees are usually only active between 57- and 100-degrees F. If it gets too hot, they get heat exhaustion; too cold, and their muscles freeze. They keep the hive between 91.4 and 96.8 degrees. There are specialized worker bees who bring water to the hive and others that use their wings kind of like a fan to evaporate the water and cool down the hive. When the bees get too cold, their bodies paralyze. If you see a cold bee, you can put it in your hand and gently breathe on them. 

Bees will try to warn you if you get too close. They will do this by headbutting you. If a bee ever runs into you, it wasn’t an accident; it wasn’t a drunk bee. They were trying to move you away from their hive. If you continue getting close and ignore this first warning, there are guard bees that will call workers to swarm around the hive. The bees will start to buzz at the same frequency, making a very loud sound. This is your last chance. If all of these are ignored, they will swarm around you, sting you, and chase you away. 

So, what can you do to avoid angry bees? First, just pay attention and don’t get too close. Bees are also attracted to certain clothing. They like shiny jewelry and floral prints. They hate red, black, and brown because they can’t see these colors, and it messes with their mind and makes them more aggressive. They are also attracted to strong, floral shampoos and perfumes. If bees do swarm around you, just run as fast as you can in a straight line. Find shelter if you can. Bees can and will follow you for around for ½ a mile. They don’t want to leave their hive unprotected for too long, so eventually, they will give up and return when they think you are no longer a threat to their home. Bees can also smell when you are scared or aggressive. Remain calm, hold your breath for about 10-30 seconds. They use smell primarily to find you, so they will lose track of you if you hold your breath. 

Remember, bees are our friends. They are amazing little creatures and have a complex community and lifestyle. If you leave them alone and let them go about their business, they will leave you alone and we can live in harmony with bees. Thanks for letting me talk about bees. I have more resources if you want to learn more about bees and we will open it up for questions. 

Uncommon Types of Pollution

[Slide 1] Pollution is a public health concern and is any harmful material introduced to the environment. Many materials can cause harm and are referred to as pollutants. Some pollutants are natural, and others are from humans and human activity. Environmental pollution is a problem all over the world. We talk a lot about air and water pollution and all the problems they bring, but what about other less obvious forms of pollution? What are they and are they really that important? 

[Slide 2] The first one I wish to talk about is noise pollution. Now you might not think of noise as an environmental crisis, but it is negatively affecting society and wildlife. Noise pollution is considered unwanted or disturbing sound that affects the health and well-being of humans and other organisms. Some of the more common sources of noise pollution are cars, trucks, motorcycles, trains, and other transportation; airplanes and helicopters; and construction and construction equipment. In humans, studies show that issues related to noise pollution include stress-related illnesses, high blood pressure, hearing loss, disruption of sleep, and even heart disease. They also affect wildlife. Studies show that loud noises can cause caterpillars’ dorsal vessels (an insect equivalent to a heart) to beat faster, and cause birds to have fewer chicks. Animals use sound to navigate, find food, attract mates, and avoid predators. Noise pollution makes it difficult for them to do these tasks, which affects their ability to survive. 

[Slide 3] Another lesser-known source of pollution is light. The electric lightbulb is thought to be one of the greatest inventions of all time. Electric light can be a beautiful thing; it keeps us safe, allows us to do things when the sun goes down, and makes our homes cozy and bright. However, too much of a good thing has started to negatively affect the environment. Light pollution, the excessive or inappropriate use of outdoor artificial light, is affecting human health, wildlife behavior, and our ability to see space. The main sources of light pollution are car lights, streetlamps, buildings and factories, and billboards. For humans, light pollution has a major effect on sleep. Light affects our sleep patterns, and when there is too much light when we should be sleeping, humans can suffer from fatigue, headaches, stress, and anxiety. Animals base their migration patterns on seasons and the amount of light that guides them. Animals that live near or migrate through areas with excessive light can end up confused. Another example of animal confusion from light pollution is turtles. When baby sea turtles are born, they follow the light of the moon reflected on the ocean water to find their way to the ocean. With too much light from coastal cities, many baby sea turtles are dying because they never make it to the ocean, following the wrong lights. 

[Slide 4] There are a few things you can do to fight noise and light pollution. A lot of these factors are out of your control, but you can support government policies for light and noise ordinances. There are laws that put a limit on the times and places noises can occur. Support national parks and wildlife preserves that limit the kind of activity that causes noise and light pollution. You can also be a good neighbor and keep your music to yourself at reasonable times of day, don’t leave your dog out barking all night, and make sure your car is well-maintained, so it doesn’t make loud, disturbing noises. You can also turn off lights when you are done using them. These may seem like small, insignificant actions, but if everyone was more conscientious and considerate of the environment, the world would be a better place.

Exercise 21

  1. clarify 
  2. psychology 
  3. characteristic 
  4. education 
  5. identify 
  6. guarantee 
  7. Japanese 
  8. vision 
  9. psychological 
  10. photography 

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unit 6

Listening for Tone

  1. (Read so it is clear the tone is angry) That’s great! 
  2. (Read so it is clear the tone is indifferent) That’s great. 
  3. (Read so it is clear the tone is sarcastic) That’s great. 
  4. (Read so it is clear the tone is excited) That’s great! 
  5. (Read so it is clear the tone is friendly) Can I get a cup of coffee? 
  6. (Read so it is clear the tone is silly) Can I get a cup of coffee? 
  7. (Read so it is clear the tone is frustrated) Can I get a cup of coffee?
  8. (Read so it is clear the tone is surprised) Can I get a cup of coffee? 

What is the Speaker’s Point of View?

Example: (Read so it is clear the point of view is clearly angry and impatient) Will you please pass the salt? 

  1. (Read so it is clear the point of view is clearly angry and accusatory) Well, of course, you wouldn’t know what to do. 
  2. (Read so it is clear the point of view is clearly understanding and supportive, like a parent consoling a child) Well, of course, you wouldn’t know what to do. 
  3. (Read so it is clear the point of view is clearly a little silly, things-like-this-happen attitude) Why do these things happen to me? 
  4. (Read so it is clear the point of view is clearly angry) Why do these things happen to me? 

Matt: Thanks for agreeing to meet up today. I wanted to get started on this economics project early because I have tests for my other classes next week. I’m Matt, and you’re Sarah, and you’re Devin? 

Sarah: Yep. Hi! 

Devin: Yes.  

Matt: Great, so the project is to create a business that we think will thrive in our economy. We know that inflation is rising and that means that people won’t want to spend as much money on things that they don’t think are necessary. Do either of you have any ideas? 

Sarah: Well, there is auto maintenance or restaurants. People need their cars to be fixed and they also need to eat. The business model is well-established, so it could be an easy option. 

Devin: I don’t know if easy is our best option, though. I feel like there would be a lot of competition in those fields. I don’t know how we could set our business apart from the others. I think we need a different idea. 

Matt: You bring up some good points, Devin. We need something that is in demand, like the businesses Sarah mentioned, but it can’t be overdone.  

Sarah: I don’t know…maybe we could do a restaurant with a special theme? I just really don’t want to spend more time on this than we have to.  

Matt: I know. I understand that, especially with all the tests I have next week, but I think we should put a little more time into this. I was thinking about an event planning business. People are still going to get married, have funerals, and special anniversary parties. We could set up an event or party planning business. I have done a little research already and found the normal prices for this type of service. We could offer a lot of our services for less money and then charge a little more for extra services, so we could still make a profit. That way, people will book our service because it looks like they are getting a good deal. What do you think? 

Devin: I guess that could work… 

Sarah: And it sounds like you’ve done some of the research, so that part is already done. How would we advertise the business? 

Matt: I was thinking we could take out a Google ad and take advantage of social media. We could say we would be making profiles on all the social media sites and create videos and posts about our services. We could encourage people to share our post with giveaways or other incentives like that. 

Sarah: We could also market to business events. A lot of businesses have conferences or annual events. We could put ads up in business magazines, too. 

Matt: Good idea. Devin, are you on board with this idea? 

Devin: Yeah, that sounds fine. 

Interview with a Small Business Owner

Janet: Thank you for agreeing to do this interview with me, Mr. Michaelson. I know you are busy since you run a business, but that is exactly what I want to talk to you about. I am doing a project for my economics class about owning and running a business. 

Mr. Michaelson: It’s not a problem. I am happy to share what I have learned over the years as a small business owner. 

Janet: Remind me. What kind of business do you run and how long have you been running it? 

Mr. Michaelson: I run a plant nursery. We sell plants, like fruit trees, flowers, vegetables, herbs, houseplants, and many others along with the things you need to grow them, like soil, pots, and plant food. The business has been open for sixty years, but that is because it was my grandfather who originally started it. I have been the owner of the business for the last 20 years, but I have worked here most of my life. 

Janet: That’s very interesting! So, I have some general questions about how you have had success over the years. My first question is how do you set your business apart from others in your industry? 

Mr. Michaelson: It’s always about service. We try to provide the customer with what they want and have an inviting environment. One thing we do, that might seem counterintuitive because it goes against what everyone says to do, is we keep everything low tech. We don’t use a lot of technology, so it feels more like home or an old-time business, and not like a big box store. The customers love being about to talk to the employees because they get to know them, and we get to know our customers. 

Janet: That is very different than the experience I normally have when I go shopping. It’s so impersonal nowadays. My next question is how do you advertise your business? 

Mr. Michaelson: Currently, we use social media platforms like Instagram and Facebook. We also send direct emails to the people who have subscribed to our email list. We are listed in the phone books which are also posted online now. We don’t pay for a lot of advertising. We rely on word-of-mouth because we have been here for so long and our customers share their experiences with each other. 

Janet: Nice. What would you say is the hardest part of being a business owner?

Mr. Michaelson: It’s a lot of long hours and it’s hard to get away from work. We close at 5, but I am usually at work until 6 or 7 every night doing paperwork and paying bills. It can be stressful when things aren’t going well financially or with the economy. You always pay your employees, but you might not get paid if funds are low. Your life is the business. 

Janet: Wow, I didn’t think about that. Usually, people talk about the freedom of owning a business, but from what you describe, there are also a lot of heavy responsibilities. 

Mr. Michaelson: Exactly. 

Janet: So, what is your favorite part of being a business owner? 

Mr. Michaelson: For me, it is a sense of accomplishment. Knowing that this is mine and my hard work made this happen. Also, nobody can fire you, so there is that little bit of freedom in your decision-making. 

Janet: What qualities should a business owner have? 

Mr. Michaelson: They should like to work. They should know how to deal with people. You have to deal with your employees and their issues more than you might think. You should also have an idea of how to manage money. You don’t have to know everything, and you can hire an accountant, but you should have a basic understanding of what costs go into running a business, be willing to take less, and plan for a rainy day. 

Janet: That is good advice. My last question is similar: What advice would you give someone just starting their own business? 

Mr. Michaelson: Don’t do it (chuckles). Seriously though, it is a lot of work. New businesses usually don’t make a profit until after 3-5 years, depending on the business. So, if you are going to start your own business, you have to be willing to work hard and be sure that you really want to do it because you are putting your time, money, and financial security on the line. 

Janet: Thank you so much for your answers. This has given me a lot to think about. 

Exercise 24 Part A

A: So, / who’s coming to dinner next Friday? / How many have responded? / 

B: Let’s see. / Of course, / I’ve heard from Kate. / 

A: Good, / but what about Joe? / 

B: Yeah, / we need to count Kate and Joe /and Jay /and Lu and Carlos. / 

A: Okay /so far /that’s Kate and Joe /and Jay /and Lu and Carlos. 

Exercise 24 Part C

Scarcity is the idea that there are limited resources,/ such as time,/ money,/ and materials,/ but unlimited wants and needs./ This means that we can’t have everything we want,/ and we have to make choices about how to use our resources./ Because of scarcity,/ we have to decide what is most important to us/ and prioritize our needs/ and wants./ For example,/ we may have to choose between buying a new phone/ or saving money for a vacation/ because we can’t afford to do both at the same time./ 

Exercise 25

  1. I didn’t say he stole the money. 
  2. I bought the red shirt. 
  3. She is the one who won the award. 
  4. I am going to the store today. 
  5. He only eats vegetables. 

unit 7

Influencer Impact Debate

Speaker A: I think social media influencers have a big role in society. They’re important people who can shape opinions, trends, and what people buy. Studies show that many young people trust influencers more than regular ads. Influencers can use their platforms to raise awareness about important issues, support charities, and motivate their followers to take action. 

Speaker B: I’m not so sure about influencers. Some of them aren’t honest about why they promote certain things. They might hide the fact that they’re paid to talk about a product or have fake followers and likes. This makes it hard to trust them and understand what’s real. 

Speaker A: Yes, there are some bad influencers out there, but we shouldn’t forget the good ones. Many influencers share helpful information about specific topics like fitness, fashion, or travel. They talk about their own experiences, which can make their followers feel connected and inspired. It’s like being part of a supportive online community. 

Speaker B: I get that, but we should also talk about the bad effects of influencer culture. Studies show that seeing perfect lives on social media can make people feel bad about themselves. This is especially true for young people. It can lead to low self-esteem and even mental health problems. Comparing ourselves to influencers’ seemingly perfect lives can be really harmful. 

Speaker A: You’re right that social media can make us feel bad, but it’s not all the influencers’ fault. We need to learn how to understand what’s real and what’s not on social media. We should think critically and not believe everything we see. Some influencers actually promote body positivity, self-acceptance, and mental health awareness. They try to create a more inclusive and supportive online space. 

Speaker B: I agree that we need to be smart about what we see online. But influencer culture often focuses on appearances, material things, and wanting things right away. This can make us shallow and focused on the wrong things. Also, influencers sometimes care more about making money and working with brands than helping their followers. 

Speaker A: I understand your concerns. We should have rules and guidelines to make sure influencers are honest and transparent. They should show their audience what’s real and what’s not. Also, influencers can work with experts to give correct information and advice. This way, they can use their influence in a responsible way. 

Speaker B: I agree that rules and working with experts could help. But we should also remember that real-life experiences and connections are important. We shouldn’t rely too much on what influencers say. We should value real relationships and trust our own judgment more. 

Speaker A: Yes, finding a balance is key. We should appreciate the good things influencers can do while also being careful and thinking for ourselves. By understanding their power and using social media responsibly, we can make the most of influencers’ influence to create a better society. 

A Conversation about Social Media Dangers

Sophia: Hey Emma, have you seen the latest posts on Instagram? There are so many amazing photos and updates! 

Emma: No, Sophia, I actually quit social media. I think it can be dangerous. 

Sophia: Really? Why do you think it’s dangerous? 

Emma: Well, there are several reasons. Firstly, privacy concerns. Social media platforms often collect and share personal information without our consent. It can leave us vulnerable to data breaches or even identity theft. In fact, according to a report by Pew Research Center, 64% of social media users have experienced some form of privacy breach. 

Sophia: That’s true, but isn’t that why we have privacy settings? 

Emma: Yes, privacy settings can help to some extent, but they aren’t perfect. Hackers and third-party companies can still find ways to access our information. Plus, even if our profiles are private, our friends’ profiles might not be, which indirectly exposes our data. 

Sophia: I see your point. What about the impact on mental health? 

Emma: Ah, that’s another important aspect. Social media can create a constant need for validation and comparison. People often display the best parts of their lives, which can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem for those who compare themselves. According to a study published in the Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, limiting social media usage to 30 minutes per day can significantly reduce feelings of loneliness and depression. 

Sophia: Hmm, I never thought about it that way. I always just thought it was fun to use. I guess it can be quite stressful for some people, though. 

Emma: Absolutely. And let’s not forget about the spread of misinformation. Social media has become a breeding ground for fake news, rumors, and conspiracy theories. It can be challenging to distinguish between accurate information and lies which lead to confusion. 

Sophia: You make some valid points. I never realized social media had such potential dangers. 

Emma: It’s important to be cautious of how we use social media. I believe taking a break from it has been beneficial for me. I’ve found more time for meaningful activities and deeper connections with people in the real world. 

Sophia: That’s great to hear. I admire your decision to prioritize your well-being. Maybe I should reconsider my own social media usage. 

Emma: It’s worth reflecting on, for sure. Just remember, moderation and awareness are key. 

Exercise 15

  1. I need / to pack my bag / get my / passport / and book a taxi to the airport. 
  2. After a long day at work, I decided to relax with a good book. 
  3. She gazed out of the window / lost in thought. 
  4. He stood on the stage waiting / for the applause to die down before /he began speaking. 
  5. He opened the box/ carefully to examine / its contents and then closed it again without saying a word. 
  6. The car zoomed / past us / and honked / its horn. 
  7. She thought / wouldn’t it be nice to be young / and run in a field full of butterflies? 
  8. Before I answer your question / let me provide some context. 

Exercise 16

  1. I need to pack my bag / get my passport / and book a taxi to the airport. 
  2. After a long day at work /I decided to relax with a good book. 
  3. She gazed out of the window / lost in thought. 
  4. He stood on the stage / waiting for the applause to die down / before he began speaking. 
  5. He opened the box carefully to examine its contents / and then closed it again / without saying a word. 
  6. The car zoomed past us / and honked its horn. 
  7. She thought / wouldn’t it be nice to be young / and run in a field full of butterflies? 
  8. Before I answer your question / let me provide some context. 

unit 8

  1. Child: Mom, I’m hungry. 

    Mom: I already told you that dinner is in an hour. I am making it right now. 

    Child: But I’m hungry now! Can I have a snack? 

    Mom: You know the rules. It’s too late for snacks now. 

Pause and then read: What rule is the mom talking about? 

 

  1. Mom: No, Billy. It’s too cold today. 

    Billy: But, Mom, the water temperature is going to be warm, and we’ll be indoors. 

    Mom: You’re going to catch a cold when you go out. 

    Billy: No, I won’t. My friends are all going and they’re waiting for me. 

    Mom: Will an adult be there? 

    Billy: Yes, Sam’s dad will be there. He’s a lifeguard. 

    Mom: Ok. Don’t forget your towel. 

Pause and then read: What does Billy want to do? 

 

  1. Man A: I can’t believe someone would take something that doesn’t belong to them.  

    Man B: Unfortunately, crime has recently risen in our area. 

    Man A: Tell me about it. It was parked in my own driveway. There hasn’t been any         theft in this neighborhood that I know of. 

    Man B: Did you leave the keys inside? 

    Man A: No, and it was locked. 

    Man B: Hopefully, your insurance will take care of it. 

Pause and then read: What was stolen? 

 

  1. Woman A: These are killing my feet, but they’re so pretty. 

    Woman B: Why don’t you take them off? 

    Woman A: I need something fancy, and I want to look taller. Ooh. my toes feel numb. I   need to take these off. 

    Woman B: Let’s look for something nice, but a little more comfortable. 

Pause and then read: What are the women talking about? 

 

  1. Woman: I can see the smoke from the house! What should I do? 

    Man: You should grab our valuables and important paperwork and the dogs and drive to my parents’ house. They’re predicting it won’t go that way. 

    Woman: This is just so scary. I am devastated that we might lose our home. 

    Man: The firefighters are doing everything they can. I’ll meet you at my parents’ house in an hour. 

Pause and then read: What is happening near their home? 

A Presentation on Design Styles

(Slide 1) Thank you all for joining me today as we explore the captivating world of interior design styles. Throughout this presentation, we’ll discuss various design styles and examine their unique characteristics. As we discuss each style, I invite you to form your own opinions and interpretations. 

  1. (Slide 2: Traditional Style) Let’s begin with the timeless classic, the traditional style. It is elegant and sophisticated, drawing inspiration from the past. Traditional design features rich colors, ornate furniture, and intricate details. It creates an atmosphere that gives a sense of grandeur and history. 
  2. (Slide 3: Contemporary Style) Moving on to the contemporary style, we find a combination of a simple and a more modern approach. Clean lines, minimalist furniture, and a lot of natural light are its defining elements. Contemporary design creates an environment that feels fresh, open, and peaceful. 
  3. (Slide 4: Scandinavian Style) Ah, the Scandinavian style, known for its minimalist charm and cozy feel. This style emphasizes items that function and remain simple while incorporating natural materials. The use of light colors and natural light creates an atmosphere of calmness. 
  4. (Slide 5: Industrial Style) If you enjoy the raw, unfinished look, the industrial style might catch your attention. Inspired by old factories and warehouses, this style uses exposed brick walls, metal accents, and worn-out textures. It has an edgy and unconventional feel that differs from other styles. 
  5. (Slide 6: Eclectic Style) Lastly, we have the eclectic style, where creativity and imagination are unlimited. Eclectic design is all about combining different elements, textures, and patterns to create a unique and personalized space. It allows for individuality and self-expression in somewhat chaotic design choices. 

To conclude, I encourage you to enjoy the differences and beauty that each style brings to the world of design. Remember that personal taste plays a significant role in choosing the right style for you. Thank you all for your attention, and I hope this presentation has provided you with inspiration for your future design projects. 

How Nature Influences Design

(Slide 1) Today, I am excited to share a captivating topic that lies at the heart of design—how nature inspires and influences our creative efforts. Nature, with its breathtaking beauty and remarkable patterns, has been a source of inspiration for artists and designers throughout history. So, let’s explore the ways in which nature encourages our imagination and guides our design process. 

  1. (Slide 2: Colors of Nature) Nature presents us with a beautiful range of colors that artists and designers often use. Compared to the dull grays and blacks that are commonly used in building design, the vibrant colors of a sunset, the calming blues of the ocean, or the rich earthy tones of a forest can create emotions and set the mood in a space. By using these natural colors in our designs, we bring a sense of harmony and peace that reflects the beauty of the natural world. 
  2. (Slide 3: Organic Shapes and Patterns) Have you ever been amazed by the detailed patterns found in a leaf or the graceful curves of a seashell? Nature’s organic shapes and patterns are examples of its flawless design. Designers often use these shapes in their creations, bringing a sense of flow and movement to interiors. Whether it’s the smooth lines of a river or the intricate patterns seen in a snowflake, nature’s design principles inspire us to incorporate a sense of balance and rhythm into our designs, instead of a more separate and traditional approach to construction. 
  3. (Slide 4: Biophilic Design) Biophilic design is an approach that aims to connect people with nature in the built environment. It acknowledges our innate need to be surrounded by nature and incorporates natural elements into our living and working spaces. It is unnatural for us to be surrounded by plain walls and hard office spaces. By adding greenery, using natural plants and materials, and maximizing natural light, we create environments that improve our well-being and enhance productivity, instead of reducing it. Biophilic design recognizes that our connection with nature is not only inspiring but also essential for our physical and mental health. 
  4. (Slide 5: Emotional Connection) Nature has a unique ability to cause emotions within us. It is all too common to get caught up in the busyness of life. The tranquility of a peaceful forest, the excitement of standing atop a mountain peak, or the joy of walking barefoot on a sandy beach- all these show us how nature engages our senses and touches our hearts. By including elements of nature in our designs, we aim to create spaces that evoke these positive emotions and make people feel connected to their environment. 

In conclusion, nature serves as an endless source of inspiration for designers. Its colors, shapes, patterns, and wisdom guide us in creating harmonious designs. By incorporating nature into our built environments, we not only create visually appealing spaces but also promote well-being and a sense of connection to the natural world. 

Kelly: Hey, Jake. How are you (How are ya)? Did you (Didja) have a nice weekend? 

Jake: It was okay. 

Kelly: What did you (Wha-didja) do? 

Jake: Well, I had a lot of (alotta) work to do, and I didn’t want to (wanna) fall behind with my work. So, I worked all day Saturday. Then, on Sunday, we were going to (gonna) go to the beach, but we decided not to. 

Kelly: Oh, you should have (should’ve) gone. I went to the beach, and it was beautiful. Why didn’t you (didn’tcha) go? 

Jake: I didn’t want to (wanna) drive that far. I guess I could have (could’ve) taken a bus, but I ended up deciding to just stay home and rest. Maybe I’ll go next weekend if I don’t have to (hafta) work. 

Kelly: What do you (Wha-duh-ya) mean? 

Jake: Well, it’s the end of the year, so we’ve been working (workin’) really hard. 

Kelly: Can’t you (can’tcha) get everything done during the week? 

Jake: Yeah, and my boss might be able to help me as well. I’ll ask him (ask’im) if he can help me. 

 

Husband: Oh, wow! That’s alotta groceries you’re carryin’! Lemme givya a hand. 

Wife: Thanks. I stopped at the store on my way home from work. I may’ve bought a little too much. You know how it is when you shop when you’re hungry! 

Husband: Ha. That’s okay. I was gonna call you and ask what you wanna do for dinner. I can cook somethin’ with all this food you bought ‘er we can go out. Whadaya wanna do? 

Wife: I dunno. I feel like we oughtta cook something cuz we have lotsa food. But I’m kinda tired. I had a long day at the office. Howdaya feel about eatin’ out? 

Husband: I don’t mind, but it hasta be somewhere close. I hafta file some reports before 8 o’clock. Didja wanna talk ‘bout what’s botherin’ ya at work? 

Wife: No, I wanna eat ‘n go to bed.  

Husband: Let’s order food to go. You put away the groceries and I’ll go pick up food from that Thai restaurant we like. Then I can work ‘n eat, ‘n you can change outta your work clothes. 

Wife: Sounds great. Thanks, hon

unit 9

Burial Rituals

(Slide 1) Good morning, everyone. Today, we will go on a journey through time to explore the burial rituals of two ancient cultures: the Egyptians and the Vikings. Burial rituals provide insights into a society’s beliefs, values, and customs surrounding death and the afterlife. Let’s investigate the similarities and differences between these fascinating traditions. 

(Slide 2) Let’s begin with the ancient Egyptians, who held strong beliefs in the afterlife and taking care of the body. They believed that the soul continued to exist after death and required a well-preserved physical body to support it. Because of this, the Egyptians developed a complicated process known as mummification to preserve the bodies. It involved removing internal organs, treating the body with a type of salt, and wrapping it in cloth bandages. The entire process took around 70 days. 

(Slide 3) The Egyptians built magnificent tombs and pyramids as final resting places for their leaders. These structures served as grand monuments and protected the bodies and belongings of the deceased for their journey into the afterlife. Grave goods played a significant role in Egyptian burials. Believing that these items would be useful in the afterlife, they included food, clothing, jewelry, and even furniture. Additionally, the Egyptians wrote texts, such as the Book of the Dead, with spells and instructions to guide the deceased through the afterlife. 

(Slide 4) Now, let’s turn our attention to the Vikings, a seafaring culture known for their fierce warriors and exploration. The Vikings had their unique views on the afterlife and burial practices. The Vikings believed in various realms for the afterlife, with Valhalla being the highest. Valhalla was a great hall where fallen warriors would be welcomed by the god Odin. 

(Slide 5) The Vikings had diverse burial practices. One notable type is the boat burial, where the deceased, often a prominent figure, would be laid to rest in a boat or a ship. This practice symbolized their connection to the sea and their journey to the afterlife. Another Viking burial tradition was mound burials, where the deceased was placed in a burial mound along with grave goods. Additionally, cremation was common among the Vikings, where the body was burned on a funeral pyre, and the ashes were placed in urns or buried. Viking burials were often accompanied by grave goods, which varied based on the individual’s status and importance. These goods included weapons, jewelry, tools, food, and even sacrificed animals. These items reflected their belief in a prosperous afterlife and displayed the status of the deceased. 

(Slide 6) Although Egyptian and Viking burial rituals had different characteristics, there are some interesting similarities that connect these ancient cultures. Both the Egyptians and the Vikings shared a belief in an afterlife. They believed that death was not the end, and preparations needed to be made to ensure a successful journey into the next realm. Additionally, both cultures used rituals and ceremonies to honor the deceased. Prayers and offerings were made to help the dead on their journey. 

(Slide 7) In conclusion, the burial rituals of ancient Egyptians and Vikings provide us with captivating insights into their cultures and beliefs surrounding death and the afterlife. While the Egyptians focused on the preservation of the physical body and the construction of grand tombs, the Vikings embraced the concept of an adventurous afterlife and practiced boat burials and cremations. By comparing these burial traditions, we gain a deeper understanding of the unique views and cultural values that shaped these ancient civilizations. 

Summarizing Conversations

Conversation 1: Restaurants

Person A: Hey, have you tried that new restaurant downtown called “Sakura Sushi”? I heard they have amazing sushi and a great atmosphere. 

Person B: No, I haven’t been there yet. But I love sushi! What makes it so special? 

Person A: Well, apart from their fresh fish, they have unique flavor combinations in their rolls. They have this signature roll called “Dragon’s Breath” which combines spicy tuna, avocado, and a hint of wasabi-infused mayo. It’s absolutely delicious! And the ambiance is really trendy and cozy, with dimmed lights and modern decor. 

Person B: That sounds fantastic! We should definitely plan a dinner there sometime. Maybe next week? 

Person A: Absolutely! Let’s make a reservation and try out their sushi menu. They also have other Japanese specialties like yakitori skewers and tempura. I can’t wait to have a sushi feast! 

 

 

Conversation 2: Travel 

Person A: Hey, I recently went on a road trip along the coast, from San Francisco all the way down to San Diego. The scenery was breathtaking, with beautiful coastal cliffs, sandy beaches, and charming seaside towns. 

Person B: That sounds incredible! I’ve been needing a vacation myself. Any recommendations for a quick weekend getaway? 

Person A: Well, if you’re up for a relaxing getaway, I highly recommend visiting Ojai, a small town in the mountains of Southern California. It’s known for its serene atmosphere, beautiful hiking trails, and spas. You can also explore the local art galleries and enjoy delicious farm-to-table cuisine at the town’s restaurants. 

Person B: That sounds amazing! I’ll look into it and plan a trip soon. Thanks for the suggestion! I could definitely use some relaxation and nature. 

 

Conversation 3: Movies 

Person A: Have you seen any good movies lately? I’m looking for a recommendation. 

Person B: Absolutely! I watched this new sci-fi flick the other day called “Quantum Nexus.” It completely blew my mind. The special effects were incredible, and the storyline was so gripping. 

Person A: Oh, that sounds intriguing. Can you tell me a bit more about the movie? 

Person B: Sure! It takes place in the future where scientists discover a portal to alternate dimensions. The main character, a brilliant physicist, gets trapped in a dangerous parallel world and has to find a way back home while unraveling a mind-bending conspiracy. The visual effects are mind-blowing, and the suspense keeps you on the edge of your seat. 

Person A: Thanks for the suggestion! I’ll definitely add it to my watchlist. I’m always up for a good sci-fi movie with an intriguing plot. 

Summarizing Short Passages

Passage 1: Cultural Anthropology 

Cultural anthropology is a fascinating field that studies different cultures and societies around the world. Its aim is to understand the customs, beliefs, and social behaviors that shape human communities. Cultural anthropologists use various research methods like observing and participating in activities, conducting interviews, and studying different cultures to gain a deep understanding of how they function. 

An important concept in cultural anthropology is cultural relativism, which means understanding and appreciating cultural practices within their own cultural context, without making judgments based on our own cultural beliefs. Anthropologists study rituals, languages, family relationships, gender roles, and how people make a living to learn about different cultures. They explore how cultural practices influence identity, social structures, and power dynamics within communities. Through their research, cultural anthropologists promote understanding between different cultures, challenge stereotypes, and celebrate the diversity of human cultures. 

Passage 2: Biological Anthropology 

Biological anthropology studies the biology of humans and their ancestors. It examines human evolution, primatology, forensic anthropology, and variations among human populations. Anthropologists analyze skeletal remains, genetics, and comparative anatomy to understand our evolutionary history. 

In human evolution, scientists explore fossils, genetics, and primate behavior to trace the development of humans. They investigate questions about bipedalism (or walking on two legs), brain evolution, and the spread of humans. 

Forensic anthropology applies anthropological methods to criminal investigations and identifying human remains. Experts analyze bones to figure out age, sex, and ancestry, aiding law enforcement agencies and forensic investigations. 

The Challenges of Archaeology

(Slide 1) When you think about the field of archaeology, you may think of scientists digging up dinosaur bones, or the famous character, Indiana Jones. However, there are quite a few challenges that real-life archaeologists face in their journey to discover the mysteries of the past. 

(Slide 2) One major challenge in archaeology is the preservation and destruction of archaeological sites. These sites are often threatened by various factors, including urban development, natural disasters, and even environmental conditions. Urban development is a significant threat to archaeological sites. As cities expand, ancient sites may be destroyed or buried beneath modern structures.  

To solve this problem, archaeologists and authorities can focus on site preservation and conservation efforts. This involves implementing legal protections, engaging in land-use planning, and collaborating with local communities and authorities to protect archaeological sites. For example, Mesa Verde National Park in the United States is a remarkable example of site preservation. The park preserves the ancient cliff dwellings of the Ancestral Puebloans, ensuring their long-term protection and allowing visitors to appreciate this unique cultural heritage. Another solution is to raise public awareness and educate communities about the importance of archaeological sites. By promoting cultural heritage and responsible archaeology, we can encourage individuals to take an active role in preserving and respecting these sites. Archaeological museums play a crucial role in public awareness and education. These institutions not only show artifacts but also provide educational programs and interactive exhibits to engage visitors and create an appreciation for archaeological discoveries. 

(Slide 3) Limited funding and resources are significant challenges for archaeologists. Archaeological research, excavation, and conservation efforts require financial support, specialized equipment, laboratory facilities, and skilled personnel. To address this problem, collaboration and partnerships are essential. Academic institutions, governmental organizations, and private companies can combine their resources and skills to support archaeological projects financially. In addition, fundraising is crucial for securing financial support for archaeological endeavors. By speaking up for increased funding and raising public awareness, archaeologists can generate support from individuals and organizations. For instance, crowdfunding has become an effective way to raise funds for archaeological projects. The “Scan Pyramids” project, for example, successfully used crowdfunding to finance the exploration of ancient Egyptian pyramids using advanced imaging technology. 

(Slide 4) In conclusion, archaeology faces challenges such as site preservation, limited funding, and resource limitations. However, through site preservation and conservation efforts, public awareness and education, collaborations and partnerships, and increased funding, we can overcome these challenges and continue uncovering the secrets of our past.  

  1. She is-excited-about-it. 
  2. I have-an-old book. 
  3. She enjoys-swimming in-the pool. 
  4. He ate-an-apple. 
  5. They are-ready. 
  6. She is drinking hot-tea. 
  7. I can’t believe he’s-married now. 
  8. My mom gave me a quick-kiss on-my way-out. 
  9. The baby’s-still-sleeping. 
  10. Promise-me you won’t go. 

  1. I liked whatchou said. 
  2. Didjou eat today? 
  3. Wouldjou like a glass of water? 
  4. Shouldn’tchou go to school?  
  5. Don’tjou worry about a thing!  

  1. I think I found my new bes-friend today. 
  2. Let’s go-wout tonight. 
  3. You’d better ac-fast, or they will be gone. 
  4. Construction is har-work for most people. 

He-yis not coming. 

unit 10

Argument Against Saving the Cavendish Banana

Bananas are in trouble because a destructive disease called Tropical Race Four is threatening the top variety, the Cavendish. Some people argue that genetically modifying bananas is the solution. They believe that if scientists can find a gene resistant to the disease and put it into banana plants, the problem will be solved. However, after reading an article on the topic, I disagree with this view. 

Most bananas are consumed in the regions where they are grown, such as Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The disease mainly affects the export market, which is dominated by a few companies. These companies focus on growing a single type of banana, the Cavendish, for easy transport and long shelf life. However, there are thousands of other banana varieties that are grown and enjoyed in the global south. 

In the past, another banana variety called the Gros Michael was popular until it was almost wiped out by a different disease. The point is that relying on a single variety for the export market is risky, and there are alternatives available. 

Genetically modifying the Cavendish may not have a significant impact on the way bananas are consumed in their main growing regions. Additionally, the profits from the banana trade primarily go to the big companies, not the local communities. These companies have a history of mistreating workers and causing environmental damage. 

Instead of focusing on genetic modification, we should support fair trade and organic bananas from locally owned producers. It’s also important to explore other varieties of bananas that can be grown in diverse places, rather than relying on a single type. We should work for a more sustainable and fair banana industry, rather than relying on genetic engineering as a quick fix. 

Bringing Back the Wooly Mammoth

A group of scientists and entrepreneurs recently formed a new company called Colossal, with the aim of bringing back the woolly mammoth through genetic engineering. The company has received $15 million in funding to support their research and experiments in labs located in Boston and Dallas. Their goal is to edit the DNA of elephants, adding genes that would give them mammoth-like traits such as thick fur and fat for surviving in the cold. The scientists hope to produce mammoth-like elephant embryos within a few years and eventually establish entire populations of these animals. Aside from scientific curiosity, the revival of woolly mammoths could have environmental benefits. The tundra where mammoths once lived is currently experiencing rapid warming and releasing carbon dioxide. By reintroducing mammoths, the researchers believe the grasslands can be restored, preventing soil erosion and potentially reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This approach could also be applied to other species facing threats from diseases or climate change. 

Resurrecting the Mammoth – Not Such a Good Idea

A new company called Colossal, led by Harvard University genetics professor George Church, is working to bring back woolly mammoths using genetic technology. They aim to combine bits of DNA from frozen mammoth samples into the genome of an Asian elephant, creating a hybrid known as a “mammophant.” The company believes that bringing back mammoths could help fight climate change by restoring the ecosystem. 

However, some experts are skeptical of the idea. They argue that the impact on climate change would be small and that introducing mammoths back into the environment could have negative consequences. Others suggest that instead of focusing on extinct species, efforts should be directed towards preventing the extinction of endangered species and increasing their genetic diversity. 

Environmental concerns are also raised, as mammoths were social animals and their reintroduction could disrupt existing ecosystems. Additionally, the technical challenges of combining genes and creating an artificial womb to grow the embryos make the timeline for this project uncertain. 

While the idea of de-extinction captures public attention, scientists emphasize that it is still far from becoming a reality. The debate continues regarding whether it is even possible and the environmental implications of bringing back extinct species like mammoths